Sampled‐data control bridges continuous‐time dynamics and digital implementation by applying control inputs at discrete instants while monitoring plant outputs between updates. In nonlinear dynamic ...

No matter how many bits an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) provides, the digital output can only approximate the original signal. This approximation gives rise to ...

Digitization, as a method, refers to the systematic conversion of analog signals, physical objects, or continuous data into discrete numerical representations suitable for processing, storage, and ...