The customary approach to early-phase clinical trial design, where the focus is on identification of the maximum tolerated dose, is not always suitable for noncytotoxic or other targeted therapies.

William James famously wrote, “Everyone knows what attention is”. Yet cognitive scientists are still struggling to come up with a clear definition of attention. The same might be said of confidence.

The posterior probability error-rate estimates (Fukunaga and Kessell 1973; Glick 1978; Hora and Wilcox 1982) for each group are based on the posterior probabilities ...

p-values are commonly used as summaries of evidence for association between a genetic variant and phenotype, but they have an important limitation in that they are unable to quantify how confident one ...