Throwing is a physical action that consists of mechanically accelerating a projectile and then releasing it into a ballistic trajectory, usually with the aim of impacting a distant target.

toss suggests a light or careless or aimless throwing and may imply an upward motion.

To cast, fling, or hurl something. n. 1. The act or an instance of throwing. 2. The distance to which something is or can be thrown: a stone's throw away. 3. Games a. A roll or cast of dice.

the act of projecting or casting (something) through the air, esp with a rapid motion of the arm and wrist arrests, shootings and throwing of stones

There are six meanings listed in OED's entry for the noun throwing, two of which are labelled obsolete. See ‘Meaning & use’ for definitions, usage, and quotation evidence.

threw, thrown, throwing to propel or cast in any way, especially to project or propel from the hand by a sudden forward motion or straightening of the arm and wrist.

He was accused of accepting a bribe to throw a game. They suspected the team of throwing games for money.

an act or instance of throwing: With a perfect throw, the outfielder nailed the runner at the plate. the distance to which something can be thrown: a stone's throw.

[transitive] throw something + adv./prep. to put something in a particular place quickly and carelessly. Just throw your bag down over there. He threw the keys casually down on the table. A blanket was …

Let's see how far you can throw. You throw like a wimp. He hurt his throwing arm/hand. [=the arm/hand that he uses to throw a baseball, football, etc.]